Jan Apprentice

January Apprentice: Buddhism and Islam

Study/Learn

1 - Write the following on note cards from the Dictionary of Cultural Literacy:

• Buddha
• Buddhism
• Islam
• Koran (Qur'an)
• Mohammed
• mosque
• nirvana
• Ramadan

2 - Read this short overview of Islam

3 - Watch this short 3 min video: Beauty and Belief: Islamic Art Exhibit

4 - Read this excerpt from the Qur'an, the holy book of Islam

5 - Read the chapter, The Knot in the Cord: Khidija and Aisha, Wives of the Prophet Mohammad from the book, 10 Great Souls I Want to Meet in Heaven by S. Michael Wilcox







6 - Read this short overview of Buddhism

7 - Read the chapter, The Wheel-Turner: Siddharta, the Buddha from the book, 10 Great Souls I Want to Meet in Heaven by S. Michael Wilcox

8 - Read at least one of the following articles:  (for a more complete understanding of Islam and Buddhism, you can read all of these articles)

• Buddhism By Spencer J. Palmer at lds.org
• Reincarnation at lds.org 
• Islam and Mormonism—A Comparison by Hugh Nibley at lds.org
• A Latter-day Saint Perspective on Muhammad By James A. Toronto at lds.org
• Ishmael, Our Brother By James B. Mayfield at lds.org

9 - Read Chapter 4: Centering the Clay in the book "In the Hands of the Potter" by Camille Fronk

Know/Understand

1 - Hopefully by now you have realized that we have much more in common with the religions of Islam and Buddhism than we have differences.  Make a list of at least 5 of the teaching from each religion and find scriptures from our LDS scriptures that teach the same thing.  Bring your list to class and be prepared to discuss.

2 - The first step on the Eightfold Path of enlightenment in Buddhism is Right Understanding.  This is, basically, overcoming selfishness and thinking of others.   Journal for 20 minutes about ways you find yourself acting selfishly.  Set a very specific goal to do one unselfish act of service for someone in your family each day this week.

3 - Choose one thing you learned from the article you read (#8 above) and come to class with a creative way to teach it to the class.

Become/Serve

Read the following introduction from Pres. Boyd K Packer's at the BYU devotional, "Building Bridges to Harmony Through Understanding" by Alwi Shihab in Oct 2006.  You can find the whole article here.

"The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints expresses “special love and concern for the eternal welfare of all men and women, regardless of religious belief, race, or nationality, knowing that we are truly brothers and sisters because we are sons and daughters of the same Eternal Father.”1

We believe that “the great religious leaders of the world such as Mohammed, Confucius, and the Reformers, as well as philosophers including Socrates, Plato, and others, received a portion of God’s light. Moral truths were given to them by God to enlighten whole nations and to bring a higher level of understanding to individuals.”2

It is not a coincidence that the world’s great religions come together at Temple Hill in modern-day Jerusalem. Known now as the Place of the Rock, it is a religious shrine for Islam, for Christianity, and for Judaism. All three great religions hold ties to this place. All three, likewise, have a common thread in a tradition that Elijah the prophet would return.3

Knit together by world history and by Old Testament history and doctrine, the Church and the Islamic world can see each other as People of the Book, indeed Family of the Book.

Church members and Muslims share similar high standards of decency, temperance, and morality. We have so much in common. As societal morality and behavior decline in an increasingly permissive world, the Church and many within Islam increasingly share natural affinities."

As we begin a study of world religions, I hope that we will joy in the beliefs we have that are the same as those of other religions instead of focusing on the differences.  Pray every night this week to have the Spirit of discernment with you as we study these religions, for an increase in love for all people of the world and a testimony that we are all children of the same God.

OPTIONAL: For more information on the three religions in Jerusalem, read this article: Jerusalem By D. Kelly Ogden

Notes
1. “Statement of the First Presidency regarding God’s Love for All Mankind,” February 15, 1978.
2. Ibid.
3. See Boyd K. Packer, The Holy Temple, [Bookcraft: 1980] 117.

Jan Journeyman

January Journeyman Class

"So it is that, despite all of its great qualities, the religion of Islam has proven historically have no tradition of freedom, self government, science, or economic development. "
                                                                             7 Tipping Points that Saved the World

Study/Learn



1. Read the 7 Tipping Points that Saved the World chapter 4 (It is 34 pages)

2.  Watch: 

Understanding Islam in Under 60 Seconds (David Wood) - YouTube

▶ 1:00

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ANWJ6p3PpCs

3.  Write this ONE notecard, and REVIEW your others:
          
         Jihad

(Make sure you review the others! Especially from apprentice! You will need them!) 

4. Come prepared to talk about the book. 


Know/Understand

Woo Hoo! We are playing Signers Got Talent!!! :D  Pick a signer of the declaration to be. Come with a short talent to show off. And, either twisted in to your talent, or before make sure you tell us three facts about the signer you are being. Get creative! Dress up! Be the signer! 

* The talent you are showing off, can be yours, or a real talent the signer had. Just pick a talent. You all have many! (It could be with the piano, or outside, or something, but it would be BETTER if we could all just stay downstairs! ;^)


FROM PENNSYLVANIA

- Robert Morris:  ELENA

- Benjamin Rush: 

- Benjamin Franklin:  TARA
- John Morton
- George Clymer: ISA
 - George Taylor                                                   
- James Wilson: JESSICA & PAIGE



Once everyone is taken:

-William Ellery 
-Oliver Wolcott
- Matthew Thornton
- William Whipple


(Email Mack at bethedingledody@gmail.com with your signer so we don't double up! Also, if you need a talent idea, or if you have any questions, just ask!)


Become/Serve

Journal about ONE OR MORE of these quotes from the book, for 10 minutes. :D


1. (When the two brothers are talking:)   "You lost your religion," the younger finally concluded. "You sold yourself for nothing but a poll tax and a way to better your position in this world. You gave away your christ because it was a little easier. To save your lands. Your wealth. Your ambition. You sold your religion for a pot of porridge and nothing else."

2. (The brothers still) "Which side will you fight for? Which side of history will you choose?"

3. (During the battle)  "Motives could be the tipping point between success, and defeat."

4. ( Also during battle)    

"The invaders wanted the Franks to come out and meet them in open battle. Martel would have none of that, knowing that the Arab army would decimate his limited forces. He also understood the advantage that he held on the high ground." 

(That one isn't really self explanatory,  so what I thought about while reading it, for example, was the temple. What do you think about it, when you read it? Journal about who the invaders represent? What does the phrase high ground represent?)


5. (This wasn't in the book, but it goes well with quote #4. It's by President Henry B Eyring) 

"If you are on the right path, it will always be uphill. The lord is anxious to lead us to the safety of higher ground.  

January Master Class

January Master Class

Study/Learn

Do all of the following:

1 - Read "The 5,000 Year Leap" Principle 4: The Role of Religion

2 - From the "Dictionary of Cultural Literacy" write the following on your cards:
            - Alexis de Tocqueville

3 - Spend at least 20 minutes exploring the lds.org page on religious freedom, found here

4 - Click on the link "talks from leaders" and watch or read one of the talks listed

Know/Understand

1 - Come prepared to creatively teach the class what you learned from the article you read or watched (#4)

2 - Look in the newspaper or online at the news and find an article dealing with religious freedom.  Read it, print it and bring it to class for a discussion

Become/Serve

If it has been demonstrated that I have been willing to die for a "Mormon," I am bold to declare before Heaven that I am just as ready to die in defending the rights of a Presbyterian, a Baptist, or a good man of any denomination; for the same principle which would trample upon the rights of the Latter-day Saints would trample upon the rights of the Roman Catholics, or of any other denomination who may be unpopular and too weak to defend themselves. It is a love of liberty which inspires my soul — civil and religious liberty to the whole of the human race.

—Joseph Smith, 1843

Ponder on the above quote and then journal about why religious freedom is important to you and make a commitment to uphold it.

Excerpts from the Bhagavad Gita - The Song of God

Excerpts from the Bhagavad Gita - The Song of God

(taken from this website)

A sacred text of Hinduism.

Introduction

Circa 3000 BCE, cousins went to war over who would inherit a kingdom. Because the dispute was within a large, ancient family, the opposing armies comprised relatives, teachers, leaders, and friends. Arjuna was a master archer and renowned warrior—he was the one who would lead his side to war. His childhood friend Lord Krishna agreed to be Arjuna's charioteer. As Arjuna charged into battle, he became greatly dismayed, seeing so many people he loved on both sides of the valley. In an act of compassion, Lord Krishna froze time. There, in the chariot on the battlefield, with the armies before and behind them, the instruction of the Bhagavad Gita takes place, in the form of an open discussion between Arjuna and the great god Krishna.

Said Arjuna:

I do not wish to kill my relatives, spiritual leaders, and friends, even though they stand ready to kill me. I desire neither victory, nor pleasure, nor kingdom. For what is the use of a kingdom, or enjoyment, or even life when all those for whom we desire kingdom, enjoyment, and pleasure are here in this battle, ready to give up their lives?

Lord Krishna replied:

The wise grieve neither for the living nor for the dead. There was never a time you or I did not exist, nor shall we ever cease to exist in the future. The Spirit is neither born nor does it die; it is not destroyed when the body is destroyed. After the death of the body, the Spirit is reborn in a new body until Self-Realization is attained. Death is certain for the one who is born, and birth is certain for the one who dies. Therefore, you should not lament over the inevitable but pray for Self-Realization that you may be at peace.

Simply do your duty to the best of your ability without becoming discouraged by the thought of the outcome, which may be success or failure, loss or victory. You have control over your actions, but no control or claim over the result. Fear of failure, from being emotionally attached to the fruit of work, is the greatest impediment to success because it disturbs the equanimity of the mind. A farmer is responsible for working his land, yet has no control over the harvest. But if he does not work his land, he cannot expect a harvest! By doing your duty, you will not incur Karmic bondage.

Seek this knowledge, this discipline, Arjuna. There are many paths to Me, to enlightenment and freedom . . .

One is truly enlightened who:

— Does all work as an offering to God, abandoning attachment to the result

— Enjoys sensual pleasure with mind and senses under control

— Sees one and the same Spirit in all beings, looks at a learned person, an outcast, or an animal, with equal eye, and can feel the pain and pleasure of others as one's own

— Neither rejoices on obtaining what is pleasant, nor grieves on obtaining the unpleasant, and is tranquil and equanimous in pleasure and pain, in fulfillment and disappointment, in honor and disgrace

— Finds happiness in the Supreme Being, rejoices the Supreme Being within, is illuminated by Self-Knowledge and remains ever steadfast with the Supreme Self

— Acts beyond personal selfish motives

— Has neither attachment nor aversion for anything

— Has discovered the joy of spiritual knowledge, and whose mind is in union with God.

Such a person is not bound by Karma though engaged in work, maintains equanimity whatever occurs, and attains eternal bliss.

Therefore, let your mind be ever absorbed in Me, O Arjuna, remain unattached to the outcome of your actions, and go forth to do your duty, knowing the Spirit is deathless and eternal.

Hinduism

Hinduism

from this website and this one

Quick Facts

Formed - c. 2000 B.C.E.
Origin - India
Followers - 1,000,000,000
Deity - Polytheistic
Sacred Texts -  Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, Epics
Headquarters - None

Hinduism is a collective term applied to the many philosophical and religious traditions native to India. Hinduism has neither a specific moment of origin nor a specific founder. Rather, the tradition understands itself to be timeless, having always existed. Indeed, its collection of sacred texts is known, as a whole, as Sanatana Dharma, "The Eternal Teaching."

It is thus a complex tradition that encompasses numerous interrelated religious doctrines and practices that have some common characteristics but which lack any unified system of beliefs and practices. Hinduism encompasses a number of major sects, as well as countless subsects with local or regional variations. On one level, it is possible to view these sects as distinct religious traditions, with often very specific theologies and ritual traditions; on another level, however, they often understand themselves to be different means to reach a common end.

The Hindu worldview is grounded in the doctrines of samsara (the cycle of rebirth) and karma (the universal law of cause and effect), and fundamentally holds that one's actions (including one's thoughts) directly determine one's life, both one's current life and one's future lives.

Many, but not all, Hindus hold that the cosmos is populated by numerous deities and spiritual beings — gods and goddesses, or devas — who actively influence the world and who interact with humans.

The tradition is typically divided into four major sects: Shaiva (devotees of the god Shiva), Vaishnava (devotees of the god Vishnu), Shakta (devotees of the goddess), and Smarta (those who understand the ultimate form of the divine to be abstract and all encompassing, Brahman).

Quick Fact Details:

• Formed: The exact beginnings of Hinduism are impossible to determine, since they evolved as time and culture impacted the religious ideas of early India.

• Deity: Many Hindus recognize a vast diversity of gods and goddesses; others believe in a Hindu "trinity" (trimurti): Brahman, Vishnu, Shiva; yet others claim an essential monotheism, believing that all the gods are manifestations of one.

Brahman, Vishnu & Shiva

Symbols: There are many symbols of Hinduism, as varied as the faces of God. Each god and goddess (i.e., each facet of the divine) has a symbol or symbols. Here are three important symbols:

Aum or om: This symbol represents the primal sound of the universe. The syllable "aum" or "om" is sometimes chanted in meditation, and the symbol usually appears at the beginning of written sacred texts, prayers, and rituals.

Lotus: This flower, which is rooted in mud but floats on water without becoming muddy, represents the many facets of God and the unfolding of Self-Realization.

Elephant: The elephant represents the solidity and weightiness of the material world.

Terms and Fundamental Precepts:

Brahman: God, the Ultimate Reality, formless, without gender, cannot be described. As the formless enormity of Brahman can be difficult to grasp, other gods and goddesses are offered as aspects of the divine to provide seekers with a more comprehensible path to reach Brahman.

Nonattachment to results: The concept of retaining equanimity regardless of the results of one's actions.

Ahimsa: Nonviolence—to do no harm. This is an ideal of Hindus and a vow of Hindu spiritual leaders.

Nonviolent resistance: The activist expression of ahimsa. A harmful law should not be followed and should be changed, but never by hurting another person.

Four Yogas, or Four Paths to Realization (God): Yoga of Knowledge, Yoga of Devotion, Yoga of Work, and Yoga of Spiritual Contemplation. This precept recognizes that different people will find fulfillment in different approaches to their spiritual quest.

Karma: The concept of behavior having a cumulative effect into the future, including future lifetimes. Living well in one lifetime will have positive results on one's rebirth. Once the weight of all bad karma is removed, the karmic wheel of reincarnation ceases to turn, and the seeker is reunited with Brahman.

Vegetarianism: Most forms of Hinduism include the practice of vegetarianism, for spiritual, ecological, and medical reasons. The primary reason is the practice of ahimsa (nonviolence), which forbids violent actions against animals.

Beginnings

Written by: Jacob N. Kinnard

The term "Hinduism" derives from a Persian word that refers to the Sindhu (or Indus) river in northwest India; "Hindu" was first used in the 14th century by Arabs, Persians, and Afghans to describe the peoples of the region. By the end of the 19th century, "Hinduism" was adopted by the British colonial administration in India to describe the various religious beliefs and practices of the majority of India's population.

It is, however, extremely difficult to say when Hinduism began. The tradition itself maintains that it is a timeless religion that has always existed. Historians generally hold that the origins of what we call Hinduism can be traced to the ancient Indus Valley civilization. This would mean that the religion is over 4,000 years old, although it is a dynamic religious tradition that has continued to develop and evolve.

One way to understand the origins of Hinduism is to divide it into several overlapping historical periods. The first is really a pre-Hindu period, the Indus Valley Civilization, which dates to around 2000 B.C.E., and was located, as the name implies, in the region of the great Indus (or "Sindhu") river, in northwest India. Although relatively little remains of this civilization, fairly extensive archaeological evidence indicates that its religion was centered on various fertility goddesses and the purifying qualities of water. Sometime between 2000 and 1500 B.C.E., a new religion began to emerge in India, the religion of the Vedas.  Some scholars hold that this religion was brought to India by nomadic, horse-riding warriors, a group known as the Aryans, from the steppes of central Asia. This has, in recent years, become a matter of some dispute in India. Regardless of where they came from, the Aryans practiced a sacrifice-based religion that was centered around the purifying and transformative qualities of fire, and that was oriented toward influencing a vast array of powerful gods, called devas.

Many of these gods were personifications of natural elements—wind, fire, water—while others were warrior-like figures. The Vedas, a vast corpus of mythological and ritual texts, describe this divine pantheon, as well as prescribe, sometimes in great detail, the rituals to be performed to keep these gods "happy," and thus insure that they benignly interact with the human realm.

Islam

Islam

from this website

Quick Facts

Formed - 622 CE

Origin - Arabian peninsula
Followers - 1,500,000,000
Deity - Allah
Sacred Texts - Qur'an
Headquarters - None

Islam is a monotheistic religious tradition that developed in the Middle East in the 7th century C.E. Islam, which literally means "surrender" or "submission," was founded on the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad as an expression of surrender to the will of Allah, the creator and sustainer of the world. The Quran, the sacred text of Islam, contains the teachings of the Prophet that were revealed to him from Allah.

Essential to Islam is the belief that Allah is the one and true God with no partner or equal. Islam has several branches and much variety within those branches. The two divisions within the tradition are the Sunni and Shi'a, each of which claims different means of maintaining religious authority. One of the unifying characteristics of Islam is the Five Pillars, the fundamental practices of Islam. These five practices include a ritual profession of faith, ritual prayer, the zakat (charity), fasting, and the hajj (a pilgrimage to Mecca). Many Muslims are characterized by their commitment to praying to Allah five times a day.

One of the defining characteristics of Islam is the primacy of sacred places including Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem. Muslims gather at mosques to worship Allah, pray, and study scripture. There is not a sharp distinction between the religious and secular aspects of life in Islam; all aspects of a Muslim's life are to be oriented to serving Allah. Islam expanded almost immediately beyond its birthplace in the Arabian peninsula, and now has significant influence in Africa, throughout Asia, Europe, and the Americas.

Quick Fact Details:

• Formed: This date reflects Muhammad's migration from Mecca to Medina, considered the beginning of the Islamic calendar.

• Sacred Texts: While the Quran alone is considered sacred scripture, the Sunna, in its written form hadith, is also part of the Islamic canon.

Beginnings
Written by: Beth Davies-Stofka

"Islam" is an Arabic word that means "acceptance," "surrender," "submission," or "commitment," and is closely related to the Arabic word for peace (salaam; in Hebrew, shalom). Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, literally, those who make peace. Muslims are those who surrender to the will of God (Allah, in Arabic) in every aspect of their lives and enjoy the resulting peace with God and each other. The prophet Muhammad gave the name Islam to the religious movement he founded.

There are several events that could be considered the beginning of Islam, including the life of Muhammad, or the Hijra. If we seek the beginning of Islam in a sacred event, then perhaps it lies in the Night of Power (laylat al-qadar), when Muhammad received the call to be God's messenger. This article briefly sets the context for this decisive event, and notes its essential meaning in Islam.

In the Islamic worldview, the origins of the faith lie in God's initial creation of the universe and everything in it, including the First Parents, Adam and his wife. For a time, all creatures lived in perfect peace, but then the First Parents were tempted by Iblis and disobeyed God's rules. As a result, Adam and his wife were banished from Paradise, though God reassured Adam that the banishment was temporary. God promised to send messengers to Adam and his progeny, and these messengers would bring God's guidance. Adam was reassured that those who follow God's guidance will have no reason to feel fear or grief (surah 2:31-38).

One of God's most important messengers was Abraham (Arabic, Ibrahim), who was called by God to leave his home in Ur (in present-day Iraq). Abraham (whose name means "Father of Many Nations") is revered in the scriptures of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam as the ideal model of pure faith in the one true God. Abraham's islam was exemplary. He followed God's instructions in everything, and was even willing to sacrifice his own son because God had commanded it. The sacred story of Islam tells of how Abraham and his son Ishmael (Arabic, Ismail) built the Kaaba (literally "House of God") in Mecca, the center of Muslim worship.

Muhammad, the final messenger sent by God, belonged to the Quraysh, the tribe that controlled the sacred sites of Mecca, including the Kaaba. At the time of Muhammad's birth, ca. 570 C.E., the culture of the Arabian peninsula was generally animistic and polytheistic. Shrines with idols proliferated, especially in Mecca. The Kaaba was filled with idols that had been placed there by the different tribes and clans of Arabia. Allah, which means quite simply "the God," was the highest god, but only one among many.

Still, monotheism was not unknown, as there were Christian and Jewish tribes in Arabia. They too had received guidance from God's messengers, recorded in sacred writings such as the Torah (Moses), the Psalms (David), or the Gospel (Jesus). They were "People of the Book," or people who possessed sacred scripture. But from the perspective of Muhammad and his followers, God's message in these scriptures had become corrupted, whether by time or self-interest. A fresh revelation was needed, one that was incorruptible, and Muhammad was called to deliver it. Although Muhammad was a prophet to the Arabs of the 7th century, the message was timeless and intended for all humankind. It was God's final revelation, and thus Muhammad is called the last prophet, or Seal of the Prophets.

This revelation, which was to become the foundation of Islam, had its beginning in the Night of Power, which many traditional accounts date to the night between the 26th and 27th of Ramadan, the ninth month of the Muslim calendar. Muhammad often went to the caves of Mt. Hira near Mecca for solitary meditations and vigils, and on this night, he experienced a profound and disturbing vision. There are several versions of the story. They differ in the details, but the meaning is the same. An angelic being, later identified by Muhammad as Archangel Gabriel, appeared to him and commanded him to "recite" in the name of God. Muhammad did not respond immediately, and the angel took him by the throat and shook him as he repeated his command to "recite." Again Muhammad did not react, so the angel choked him until Muhammad agreed to do as he was told. So began Muhammad's years as a prophet, first to the Meccans and ultimately to all of Arabia.

This decisive event took place when Muhammad was forty years old, ca. 610, and the revelations continued until his death in 632. The Quran is the record of the messages Muhammad recited in the name of God. It forms the basis of the religion of Islam, which by the time of Muhammad's death had united nearly all the people of the Arabian peninsula into a single polity with common beliefs and purpose. And it is the inaugural event for the establishment and spread of a religion that is now the second-largest religion in the world, with over one billion followers. Muslims live in almost every country in the world, and are the majority in forty-eight countries stretching from north Africa to southeast Asia, with the greatest populations concentrated in south Asia and Indonesia. Despite the great diversity in languages, customs, lifestyles, and beliefs, Muslims share their love for the messenger and dedication to the message.

Muslims are united across boundaries of geography and culture through their observance of five practices known as the Five Pillars, or the Pillars of Islam. These include pledging one's faith (witnessing, the shahadah), ritual prayer (salat), charity to the poor (zakat), fasting during the month of Ramadan (sawm), and pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca (hajj). The Five Pillars are mentioned in the Quran, and are required of all Muslims. Sunni and Shi'i Muslims agree that these are the essential duties of all Muslims. The Five Pillars are strong expressions of the Islamic ideals of equality and unity. The pillars of ritual prayer, the Ramadan fast, and the hajj are particularly powerful signs of Muslim egalitarian unity, since all Muslims in all places pray, fast, and go on pilgrimage at the same time.

Buddhism

Buddhism

from this website

Quick Facts

Formed -  c. 5th century B.C.E.
Origin - India
Followers - 350,000,000
Deity - None / pantheon of deities
Sacred Texts -  Pali Tipitika, Mahayana, Vajrayana Canons
Headquarters - None

Most historians agree that Buddhism originated in northern India in the 5th century B.C.E. The tradition traces its origin to Siddhartha Gautama (or Gotama), who is typically referred to as the Buddha (literally the "Awakened" or "Enlightened One"). Siddhartha observed the suffering in the world and set out to find an antidote. Through meditation and analysis, he attained an enlightened state of being that marked the end of attachments (and therefore suffering), and ultimately, upon his death, release from the cycle of rebirth (samsara).

The Buddha's teachings are often summarized in the Four Noble Truths:

1) human life is full of suffering
2) suffering stems from cravings for pleasure and avoidance of pain
3) suffering can be eradicated
4) the path of freedom from suffering is the path of enlightenment

the Eightfold Path

which form the basis of the first sermon he delivered after attaining enlightenment, and the Eightfold Path, which provides a basic guide for how to live in the world.

Over the course of its 2500-year history, Buddhism has experienced many schisms and modifications; there are currently three major branches of the tradition — the Theravada ("Doctrine of the Elders"), the Mahayana ("Great Vehicle), and the Vajrayana ("Diamond Vehicle," often simply called "Tibetan Buddhism"), although there are many sects and groups within each of these branches. The Buddhist canon consists of a vast corpus of texts that cover philosophical, devotional, and monastic matters, and each of the major divisions of Buddhism has its own distinct version of what it considers to be canonical scriptures.

Buddhism has spread from its roots in India to virtually every corner of the world, and in each place it has spread it has adopted and adapted local practices and beliefs. Although Buddhism is a distinct religious tradition, many people in the contemporary West have adopted philosophical and practical aspects of Buddhism and incorporated them into their religious and social practices; thus there are people who identify themselves "Buddhist Christians," "Buddhist Jews," and "Buddhist Atheists."

Quick Fact Details:

• Formed: The exact dates of the Buddha's birth and death are disputed. 

• Deity: Certain branches of the larger Buddhist tradition (including the Mahayana) include a variety of gods and goddesses; others, especially the Theravada, reject belief in an omnipotent deity.

Beginnings

Written by: Julia Hardy

Buddhism evolved from the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama who was born in the 5th century B.C.E. (some scholars have argued for the 4th century B.C.E.) in the Indian state of Kapilavastu, now part of Nepal. Born a prince, the young man who would become the Buddha renounced a life of wealth and power, according to Buddhist texts, to become a spiritual seeker.

After years of wandering and asceticism he became enlightened — that is, he had a realization about his own true nature. He saw that his own thinking was the only obstacle preventing the spiritual understanding he had been seeking.That obstacle was removed when he realized that his sense of himself as a separate and isolated individual was an illusion. He thus escaped from desire and suffering, and was called "The Buddha," or the Awakened One.

In a deer park in the small town of Sarnath, outside modern Banaras, the Buddha preached his first sermon, in which he outlined four interrelated spiritual truths, often called the Four Noble Truths. These were: 1) that suffering is characteristic of human existence; 2) that suffering is caused by longing for pleasure and avoidance of pain; 3) that it is not necessary to suffer; and 4) that there is a path to end suffering. His sermons moved many who heard him speak and he began to gather disciples. These followers became the first sangha, or community of monks.

At first, only men followed the Buddha as monks. Later, women were also allowed to become nuns, but with many restrictions reflecting the social customs of the time. According to Buddhist texts, the Buddha objected to this at first, but was persuaded by his disciple Ananda to admit women. Some of the early texts also suggested that women could not become enlightened, but must first be reborn as men. Feminist scholars of Buddhism believe that these stories are later additions to the texts that reflect attitudes toward women in those times.

Some early Buddhist texts mention both men and women who, like the Buddha, became enlightened. The earliest disciples, called arhat, also attained enlightenment and were sent by the Buddha to wander and teach on their own. Soon there were many new converts and the new religion rapidly gained large numbers of followers.

In the beginning, all of the Buddha's followers gave up home, family, social status, and possessions, and begged for their meals. They were taught that this was the way to become detached from material things and social status, which would hinder an individual's enlightenment. Sexual activity was also prohibited, as were intoxicants, comfortable seats or beds, and any form of entertainment. Monks were not allowed to handle money and were permitted only one meal a day.

Those who appreciated the Buddha's teachings but were unable or unwilling to give up all their possessions and their social status supported the monks by providing food, clothing, and shelter. These lay followers were given five precepts: not to take human life, not to lie, not to steal, not to take intoxicants, and not to participate in illicit sexual activity. Their support earned them merit, which would facilitate rebirth as an individual who would be free to pursue spiritual goals.

The Buddha allowed people of all castes, and those of no caste, to join the sangha. Many became monks, but lay people also joined in large numbers. Among these were people of low status as well as wealthy merchants and rulers.

Although the first Buddhist monks were all wanderers, wealthy lay supporters soon began to donate land to the monks, originally for places to stay during the monsoon season and later for permanent dwellings and places for meditation and teaching. These became the first Buddhist monasteries. Soon this organization of itinerant monks had acquired, paradoxically, extensive holdings of land, which led to strict monastic rules about the use of this property, and which also led to some tensions between Buddhist monks and political rulers.

The conversion of two powerful rulers also quieted some of the political wrangling. Converting to Buddhism accorded the rulers a higher religious status than they had held within the traditional caste system. The strict moral expectations of Buddhism also appealed to some rulers because it eased the burden of maintaining social stability. In turn, the Buddha expressed a vision of an ideal society in which selfless and fair rulers would distribute their wealth among the people.

Within a few centuries after the Buddha's death, Chandragupta Maurya of Magadha would unite most of what is now called India into an empire. His grandson, Ashoka, converted to Buddhism a few years after he took the throne. At first Ashoka did not take his conversion seriously, but after leading a bloody conquest of the northeastern state of Kalinga, he experienced remorse and began to take Buddhism to heart. He decided to apply the Buddha's Dharma, or teachings, to his government and to spread the word of the Buddha throughout the empire and beyond. He erected dozens of huge stone pillars inscribed with basic Buddhist teachings, built monasteries, and created shelters for Buddhist pilgrims. Ashoka became the model for many subsequent rulers throughout Asia who affiliated themselves with Buddhism.

Excerpt from the Qur'an

THE GREATEST VERSE OF THE QURAN 

From this website

Islam is a God-centered religion.  Nothing illustrates this reality better than the verse named ‘The Greatest’ by the Prophet Muhammad, may the mercy and blessings of God be upon him.  

"Allah: there is no true God but Him.  The Ever-Living, the Eternal Master of all.  Neither drowsiness nor sleep overtakes Him.  His is all that is in the heavens and all that is on earth.   Who is there that can intercede with Him, except by His permission?  He knows all that lies open before them and all that lies hidden from them; whereas they cannot attain to anything of His knowledge save as He wills.  His Kursi extends over the heavens and the earth, and the preservation of both does not tire Him.  He is the Most High, the Most Great." 

--- (Quran 2:255)

What is Verse of Kursi?
The second chapter of the Muslim scripture, the Quran, is called Surah al-Baqarah, or ‘The Cow.’ It contains a beautiful and important verse that is the ‘greatest’ verse of their book.  Known in Arabic as Ayah al-Kursi, the verse speaks beautifully about God.  This verse is known for its profound meaning, rhythmic and sublime language, its inspiring and comforting message, and magnificent description of God’s powers and attributes.  The verse summarizes, in powerful words, the basic principles of the Islamic faith, citing those attributes of God that most aptly assert the meaning and significance of the basic Islamic principle of Tawhid: the oneness of God.

The verse has often won the admiration of non Muslims, "...  a magnificent description of the divine majesty and providence: but it must not be supposed the translation comes up to the dignity of the original" (Sale).  "One of the most admired passages in the Koran" (Lane).  "One of the grandest verses of the Qur’an" (Wherry).

Virtues & Benefits
The Quran, or Islamic scripture, is unique in the sense that all of it was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad in Arabic and he praised some of its passages and attached special rewards in reciting them.  Prophet Muhammad said,

"Everything has its pinnacle and the pinnacle of the Quran is Surah al-Baqarah.  In it there is a verse which is the greatest in the Quran." (Tirmidhi)

When a believer truly believes in these attributes of God, it frees him from anxiety and fear of the unknown.  It also makes him strive to be pious and righteous as he knows that he will be answerable for his deeds on the Day of Judgment where nothing except his piety and faith can come to his rescue.  It makes him refute the claims of polytheists who believe in many deities and affirm other gods beside God.

Being the greatest verse of the Quran, Muslims are encouraged to recite it regularly.  The Prophet Muhammad said that if one reads this verse after every prayer, Muslims pray five times daily, then only a person’s life (that ends with death) will stop that person from entering Paradise.  The believer who recites it following an obligatory prayer is under the care and protection of God until the commencement of the next prayer.

Finally, the Prophet said that reciting Ayah al-Kursi will protect you, your children, and your house.

Nov Apprentice

November Apprentice

Preparing the clay: Submitting to Divine treatments to achieve our full potential

"As the clay is in the potter’s hand, so are ye in mine hand."
- Jeremiah 18:6

Study/Learn

Do all of the following -

1 - Watch this video on the hero's journey (5 min)


2 - Read this article by Pres. Ucthdorf about journeys

3 - Watch this video with examples of the hero's journey in film  (10 min) (with clips from Harry Potter, Star Wars & The Wizard of Oz)

OR

This video with clips from 5 Disney movies (12 min) (Aladdin, Hercules, The Lion King, Beauty & the Beast and Mulan)

4 - Print this Greek Mythology family tree for your notebook

5 - Look the following up in the Dictionary of Cultural Literacy and write them on your cards and memorize them:

• mythology
• Achilles
• Cerberus
• Styx
• Cyclops
• Midas
• Muses
• Narcissus
• Mount Olympus
• Sirens

6 - Read Chapter 3 in the book "In the Hands of the Potter" by Camille Fronk

Know/Understand

Do one of the following -

- Watch one of the following movies, or choose one of your own, and diagram the hero's journey that takes place.  Be prepared to share it in class.

• The Hobbit
• Mary Poppins 
• The Rocketeer 
• The Lego Movie 
• Wreck-It Ralph 
• How to Train Your Dragon 

- Choose two of the following Greek god/goddesses and do a 3 minute presentation on each of them for the class.  Make sure to tell us one of the myths about that person.  E-mail Sis. Cloward (clowardjen@hotmail.com) with which one you chose so that we don't double up.  It would be better to check out library books from the children's section of the library on your person instead of searching online - that can sometimes be dicey when we're talking about the Greeks.

• Atlas - JAYSON
• Demeter - MACK
• Hades - AFTON
• Zeus - AFTON
• Hera - KYLEE
• Hestia - KYLIANNE
• Poseidon - JAYKOB
• Aphrodite - MACK
• Persephone - JAYSON
• Ares - JAYKOB
• Athena - KYLEE
• Hercules - CALEB
• Hermes - KYLIANNE
• Apollo - TARA
• Artemis - TARA
• Gaia - PAIGE
• Uranus - ANTHONY
• Oceanus - ANTHONY
• Rhea - AMANDA
• Kronos - AMANDA
• Prometheus - ISA
• Perseus - JESSICA
• Dionysus - CALEB
• Metis - JESSICA
• Epimetheus - PAIGE

Become/Serve

On our journey through this life there are bumps and detours on our path.  These bumps and detours are allowed by our Heavenly Father to give us opportunities to learn, stretch and grow.   Watch this video and then ponder on times in our life when things didn't turn out exactly as you'd hoped they would or planned.  Was it for the best?  The saying goes that "hind site is 20/20".   We always see things more clearly once we're finished going through them than when we are in the middle of them.  Commit this week to trusting God and allow Him to be the gardener in all of the ups and downs you encounter everyday and trust that "all things work together for good to them that love God". (Romans 8:28)